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 Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST): what is in a name and what isn't? by Peter van Zijl and NirbhayYadav.
+or
+Wu B, Warnock G, Zaiss M, Lin C, Chen M, Zhou Z, Mu L, Nanz D, Tuura R, Delso G. An overview of CEST MRI for non-MR physicists. EJNMMI Phys. 2016 Dec;3(1):19. doi: 10.1186/s40658-016-0155-2. Epub 2016 Aug 26. PMID: 27562024; PMCID: PMC4999387.
 Here the list of reviews in chronologic order:
+Zaiss M, Jin T, Kim SG, Gochberg DF. Theory of chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI in the context of different magnetic fields. NMR Biomed. 2022 Nov;35(11):e4789. doi: 10.1002/nbm.4789. Epub 2022 Jul 16. PMID: 35704180.
+Zhou Y, Bie C, van Zijl PCM, Yadav NN. The relayed nuclear Overhauser effect in magnetization transfer and chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI. NMR Biomed. 2022 May 31:e4778. doi: 10.1002/nbm.4778. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35642102; PMCID: PMC9708952.
+Xu J, Chung JJ, Jin T. Chemical exchange saturation transfer imaging of creatine, phosphocreatine, and protein arginine residue in tissues. NMR Biomed. 2022 Jan 3:e4671. doi: 10.1002/nbm.4671. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34978371; PMCID: PMC9250548.
+Zhou J, Zaiss M, Knutsson L, Sun PZ, Ahn SS, Aime S, Bachert P, Blakeley JO, Cai K, Chappell MA, Chen M, Gochberg DF, Goerke S, Heo HY, Jiang S, Jin T, Kim SG, Laterra J, Paech D, Pagel MD, Park JE, Reddy R, Sakata A, Sartoretti-Schefer S, Sherry AD, Smith SA, Stanisz GJ, Sundgren PC, Togao O, Vandsburger M, Wen Z, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Zhu W, Zu Z, van Zijl PCM. Review and consensus recommendations on clinical APT-weighted imaging approaches at 3T: Application to brain tumors. Magn Reson Med. 2022 Aug;88(2):546-574. doi: 10.1002/mrm.29241. Epub 2022 Apr 22. PMID: 35452155; PMCID: PMC9321891.
+van Zijl PCM, Lam WW, Xu J, Knutsson L, Stanisz GJ. Magnetization Transfer Contrast and Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MRI. Features and analysis of the field-dependent saturation spectrum. Neuroimage. 2018 Mar;168:222-241. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.04.045. Epub 2017 Apr 21. PMID: 28435103; PMCID: PMC5650949.
+Magnetization Transfer Contrast (MTC) and Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) experiments measure the transfer of magnetization from molecular protons to the solvent water protons, an effect that becomes apparent as an MRI signal loss ("saturation"). This allows molecular information to be accessed with the enhanced sensitivity of MRI. In analogy to Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS), these saturation data are presented as a function of the chemical shift of participating proton groups, e.g. OH, NH, NH2, which is called a Z-spectrum. In tissue, these Z-spectra contain the convolution of multiple saturation transfer effects, including nuclear Overhauser enhancements (NOEs) and chemical exchange contributions from protons in semi-solid and mobile macromolecules or tissue metabolites. As a consequence, their appearance depends on the magnetic field strength (B0) and pulse sequence parameters such as B1 strength, pulse shape and length, and interpulse delay, which presents a major problem for quantification and reproducibility of MTC and CEST effects. The use of higher B0 can bring several advantages. In addition to higher detection sensitivity (signal-to-noise ratio, SNR), both MTC and CEST studies benefit from longer water T1 allowing the saturation transferred to water to be retained longer. While MTC studies are non-specific at any field strength, CEST specificity is expected to increase at higher field because of a larger chemical shift dispersion of the resonances of interest (similar to MRS). In addition, shifting to a slower exchange regime at higher B0 facilitates improved detection of the guanidinium protons of creatine and the inherently broad resonances of the amine protons in glutamate and the hydroxyl protons in myoinositol, glycogen, and glucosaminoglycans. Finally, due to the higher mobility of the contributing protons in CEST versus MTC, many new pulse sequences can be designed to more specifically edit for CEST signals and to remove MTC contributions.
+Wu B, Warnock G, Zaiss M, Lin C, Chen M, Zhou Z, Mu L, Nanz D, Tuura R, Delso G. An overview of CEST MRI for non-MR physicists. EJNMMI Phys. 2016 Dec;3(1):19. doi: 10.1186/s40658-016-0155-2. Epub 2016 Aug 26. PMID: 27562024; PMCID: PMC4999387.
+The search for novel image contrasts has been a major driving force in the magnetic resonance (MR) research community, in order to gain further information on the body's physiological and pathological conditions.Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is a novel MR technique that enables imaging certain compounds at concentrations that are too low to impact the contrast of standard MR imaging and too low to directly be detected in MRS at typical water imaging resolution. For this to be possible, the target compound must be capable of exchanging protons with the surrounding water molecules. This property can be exploited to cause a continuous buildup of magnetic saturation of water, leading to greatly enhanced sensitivity.The goal of the present review is to introduce the basic principles of CEST imaging to the general molecular imaging community. Special focus has been given to the comparison of state-of-the-art CEST methods reported in the literature with their positron emission tomography (PET) counterparts.

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